Exploring Georgia's Natural History
  • Home: Georgias Fossils
  • 1: Georgia's Oldest Fossils; Archaeocyathids, At 513 Million Years Old
  • 2: Trilobites; 500 Million Years Ago
    • 2A; Murray County Stromatolites
    • 2B; A Trilobite Nest in Georgia
  • 3: Geologic Time
  • 4: Georgia's Oldest Vertebrate?
  • 5: NW Georgia, 488 to 300 million years ago
    • 5A; Georgia’s Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils
    • 5B: Carpentertypus durhami, Georgia’s Giant Insect, 315 Million Years Ago
    • 5C: Mississippian Trilobites in Northwest Georgia Describing the New Species Australosutura georgiana
    • 5D: Crinoids & Blastoids Of Northwest Georgia
    • 5E; Fossil Locations of Northwest Georgia
    • 5F: Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of NW Georgia
    • 5G; Ordovician Invertebrates of Northwest Georgia
  • 6: 200 Million Years Ago
    • 6A: Birth of the Atlantic Ocean
  • 7: Cretaceous Georgia, Dinosaurs & more
    • 7A: Georgias Pterosaur
    • 7B: So Many Sharks
    • 7C: Coelecanths
    • 7D: Xiphactinus vetus
    • 7E: Side-necked turtles
    • 7F: Marine Reptiles
    • 7G: Dinosaurs in Georgia
    • 7H: Deinosuchus schwimmeri in Recognition of Dr. David Schwimmer
    • 7I; The Blufftown Formation
    • 7J: New Species of Cretaceous Flowers Reported From Crawford County
    • 7K: Field Trip, Chattahoochee River Valley 1980
    • 7L: The Eutaw Formation
    • 7M: The Pio Nono Formation
    • 7N: Plant Fossils of Crawford County, GA
    • 7O; 1914 Report Georgia Plant Fossils From the Upper Cretaceous
    • 7P: Bill Montante's Mega "Gator" Tooth Discovery
  • 8: Suwannee Current, Gulf Trough, & Bridgeboro Limestone
  • 9: 60 million years ago, The Paleocene's Clayton Formation, A Report; By Hank Josey
    • 9A: The Georgia Turtle
    • 9B; Sassafras Hill Quarry Huber Formation Plant Fossils in Kaolin
  • 10: The Eocene; Georgia's Oldest Mammals
    • 10A: The Origins of Whales
  • 11: A Whale For Georgia
  • 12: Basilosaurids; The First Modern Whales
    • 12A: Basilosaurus cetoides
    • 12B: Basilotritus
    • 12C: Cynthiacetus (Revised)
    • 12D: Chrysocetus
    • 12E: The Redmond Mandible of Albany Ga
    • 12F: The Tivola Whale; From Houston County to the Smithsonian
  • 13: Ziggy and The Museum of Arts & Sciences, Macon, GA
  • 14: Late Eocene
    • 14A: Eocene Fossils & Stratigraphy
    • 14B; Fossils, Impacts, & Tektites Dating the Clinchfield Formation
    • 14C: The Tivola Limestone
    • 14C1: Oldest Oreodont in the Southeast & Georgia's first!
    • 14D: Twiggs Clay Vertebrates
    • 14E: Ocmulgee Formation Vertebrates
    • 14F; Sandersville Limestone, By Hank Josey
    • 14I: Dating Late Eocene Sediments
    • 14J: Georgia's Tektites; Georgiaites
    • 14K; Shell Bluff; Georgia's Most Historic Paleontology Site
    • 14L; Taylors Bluff, Paleo Paddling the Ocmulgee River
    • 14M; Eocene Terrestrial Mammals From Gordon, GA
    • 14N: Fossil Ridge, A Stratigraphic Study in Oaky Woods Wildlife Management Area
    • 14O; Georgia's First Entelodont
    • 14P: Historic Rich Hill
    • 14Q; Bibb County's Christy Hill, Clinchfield Formation Hilltop
    • 14R: Browns Mount, The Fall Line, Elevations, Uplifts, & Native Middle Georgians
  • 15: Early Oligocene
    • 15A: The Marianna Limestone
    • 15B; The Glendon Limestone
    • 15C: Undiffereniated Oligocene Residuum
    • 15D; Brissus bridgeboroensis; A New Echinoid Species From Georgia’s Bridgeboro Limestone
    • 15E: The Curious Steinkern Sea Biscuits of Red Dog Farm Road
    • 15F: Early Oligocene Gordian Knot
  • 16: Bonaire GA Entelodont
  • 17: The Whale Eating Shark
  • 18: Miocene Epoch; 23.3 to 5.3 Million Years Ago
    • 18A; Miocene Terrestrial Vertebrates
    • 18B; Paul Fell, Rockhouse Cave
    • 18C: The Marks Head Formation
    • 18D: Miocene Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Marks Head Formation
    • 18E: The Statenville Formation
    • 18F: Georgia’s 13 Million Year Old Dugong Metaxytherium calvertense
    • 18G: Gastropod Gulch, Julia Gardner, & Miocene Invertebrates In Decatur County
    • 18H; Bony Bluff, Rocky Ford, Echols County In Southernmost Georgia
  • 19: Pliocene Epoch; 5.3 to 2.5 Million years Ago
    • 19A: Two Small Primitive Horses from Taylor County Advance the Science of Georgia Geology
  • 20: The Pleistocene & Holocene Epochs, The Ice Ages
    • 20A; Clark Quarry's Mammoths & Bison
    • 20B: Pleistocene Vertebrate List
    • 20C: Georgia’s Eolian Dunes
    • 20D: Georgia’s Carolina Bays
    • 20E: Late Pleistocene Significant Events
    • 20F: Southeastern Thermal Enclave
    • 20G; Diamond Back Terrapins
    • 20H; A Kaolin Mine Beaver Dam
    • 20I; Pleistocene Vertebrate Fossils On Georgia’s Piedmont
    • 20J; Watkins Quarry Pleistocene Vertebrates, Glynn County, GA
    • 20K: Pleistocene Vertebrates from Coastal Georgia
    • 20L; Sandy Run Creek Core, Warner Robins, Houston County, GA
    • 20M: Bone Bed, Pleistocene, Coastal Georgia
    • 20N: Caribou & Elk Fossils from Georgia & Alabama
    • 20O; Tapir Veroensis, Walker County, Late Pleistocene
    • 20P; Ladds Pleistocene Vertebrates, Bartow County, GA
  • 21: Humans in Georgia
  • 22A: Echinoids of Georgia, Cenozoic Era (Sand Dollars & Urchins)
    • 22B: Echinoids of Georgia, Cenozoic, By County
  • 23A; Exploring the Paleontology of Southernmost Georgia
    • 23B; Seminole County
    • 23C: Decatur County Fossils & Natural History
    • 23D: Grady County Blowing Caves, Forest Falls, Fossils & Natural History
  • 24: Georgia's Meteorites
    • 24A: Did I Find A Meteorite?
    • 24B: Georgia's Lost Meteorite
    • 24C: The Sardis Iron, Georgia's Largest Meteorite
  • 25: Science & Education Pages
    • 25A: Coastal Plain Correlation Chart
    • 25B: Presentation; Oaky Woods Stratigraphy
    • 25C: Physiographic Map of Georgia
    • 25D: Fossils of Oaky Woods
    • 25E: Collections & Stewardship of Georgia’s Fossils
    • 25F: I, Periarchus (A Fossil's Tale)
    • 25G: The Tivola Whales (April 2023 talk to the Mid-Georgia Gem & Mineral Society)
    • 25H: Needed; The Georgia Geologic Survey
    • 25I: Georgiacetus Presentation; A Whale for Georgia
    • 25J: My Field Kit; What You Need In The Field
    • 25K: Meet Crassostrea gigantissima, Georgia's Historic Giant Oyster
    • 25L: The Natural History & Fossils Record of Houston County, GA
    • 25M: Evidence for Evolution in Georgia's Fossil Record... A look at Teeth
    • 25N: Georgia's State Fossil; Shark Teeth
    • 25O: Georgia's Paleontology For Georgia's Classrooms
    • 25P: Library & School Presentations
    • 25Q; An Introduction To Fossils; Presentation
    • 25R: GA County Localities, Houston County
  • 26: Dr. Burt Carter, Georgia Southwetsern, Professor Invertebrate Paleontologist, Emeritus
    • 26A; Burt Carter, Uniformitarianism
    • 26B; Burt Carter, Inclusions
    • 26C; Burt Carter, Superposition
    • 26D; Burt Carter, Principal of Horizonality
    • 26E, Burt Carter, Cross Cutting
    • 26F; Burt Carter, Deep Time
  • *New* 26G; Burt Carter, Fossil Succession
  • 27: Paul F. Huddlestun Coastal Plain Core Logs
    • 27A: Late Eocene & Older... Coastal Plain Stratigraphy
    • 27B: Gulf Trough Cores, Colquitt County, by Paul Huddlestun
    • 27C; Washington County Core Logs By Paul Huddlestun
    • 27D: Coastal Plain Core Logs by Paul F. Huddlestun
14D: Twiggs Clay Vertebrates

Research specimens collected by Hank Josey from the Twiggs Clay.

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The below lists should not be considered a complete listing of Twiggs Clay Vertebrates, but only a sampling from published research.

Twiggs Clay Vertebrate Species
Twiggs Clay Vertebrates reported in 1970 by Sam Pickering (Bulletin 81)
Genus & Species                   Common name                         Frequency
Lamna apppendiculata      Mackerel Shark                       Common
Carcharias cuspidate          Great White (Warm Seas)    Abundant
Galeocerdo latidens              Tiger Shark                              Common
Myliobatis (species?)            Eagle Ray                                  Abundant
Basilosaurus (species?)        Early whale                              Very Rare
Eosiren (species?)                  Manatee                                     Rare
    
Dennis Parmley at Georgia College and State University adds:
Genus & Species                   Common name                    Frequency
Carcharocles auriculatus   Megatooth Shark                 Rare


The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) in New York maintains a national online catalog of vertebrate species. For the Twiggs Clay the AMNH lists:
Location: Huber Mine (Now KaMin) Huber Pit #1
Reported by Gerard R. Case
Genus & Species                        Common name        Finds
Lamna twiggsensis                  Mackerel shark        2 teeth
Ginglymostoma obliquum      Nurse shark              2 teeth                  
Odontaspis acutissima            Sand shark                3 teeth        
Propristis schweinfurthi         Sawfish                      3 snout teeth
Myliobatis (species?)               Eagle Ray                   8 teeth

Location: Huber Mine (Now KaMin) Huber Pit #2
Reported by Gerard R. Case
Genus & Species                               Common name           Finds
Scyliorhinus enniskilleni                Catshark                      10 teeth        
Hemipristis wyattdurhami           Snaggletooth shark   5 teeth            
Negaprion eurybathrodon             Requiem shark          5 teeth            

The AMNH also list for Huber (No pit location given):
Genus & Species                   Common name        Finds            Catalog#
Pterosphenus (species?)     Constrictor snake    Vertebra        FR 7167