Exploring Georgia's Fossil Record & Our History of Paleontology
  • Items of Interest
    • Presentation; Oaky Woods Stratigraphy
    • I, Periarchus (A Fossil's Tale)
    • Coastal Plain Correlation Chart
    • Black & White Sketches
    • Contributing Artists
    • Public Fossil Locations >
      • South Houston County Fossils
      • Updated; Islands of the Savannah River
    • Georgia's Amateurs >
      • Amateur; Jared Dyche, On The Way To A Degree
      • Cam Muskelly, Duluth, GA
      • Kyle Keller, Valdosta, GA >
        • Kyle Keller Returns, Still Rocking!
      • Hank Josey, Dublin
      • Thomas Thurman, Warner Robins, GA
      • Bill Christy; Kamin Performance Minerals Fossils
    • Origins Of This Site
    • Georgia Fossils in the Smithsonian
  • Education Material
    • Georgia's State Fossil; Shark Teeth
    • Taking Georgia's Paleontology To Georgia's Classrooms
    • Georgiacetus Presentation; A Whale for Georgia
    • SW GA RESA 2018 Talk
    • Library & School Presentations
    • An Introduction To Fossils; Presentation
    • Georgia's Fossils Presentation; 500 million years
    • Free Fossils for GA Science Teachers; Crassostrea gigantissima
    • Georgia College Natural History Museum
  • Georgia's Lost Meteorite
  • Evolution in Georgia's Fossil Record
  • 1: Georgia's Oldest Fossils; Archaeocyathids, At 513 Million Years Old
  • 2: Trilobites; 500 Million Years Ago
    • 2A; Murray County Stromatolites
    • 2B; A Trilobite Nest in Georgia
  • 3: Geologic Time
  • 4: Our Oldest Vertebrate?
  • 5: Georgia Before the Dinosaurs
    • 5A; Georgia’s Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils
  • 6: 200 Million Years Ago
    • 6A: Birth of the Atlantic Ocean
  • 7: Cretaceous Georgia, Dinosaurs & more
    • 7A: Georgias Pterosaur
    • 7B: So Many Sharks
    • 7C: Coelecanths
    • 7D: Xiphactinus vetus
    • 7E: Side-necked turtles
    • 7F: Marine Reptiles
    • 7G: Dinosaurs in Georgia
    • 7H: Deinosuchus (Terrible Crocodile)
    • 7I; The Blufftown Formation
  • 8: Suwannee Current, Gulf Trough, & Bridgeboro Limestone
  • 9: The Clayton Formation Report; By Hank Josey
    • 9A: The Georgia Turtle
  • 10: The Eocene; Georgia's Oldest Mammals
    • 10A: The Origins of Whales
  • 11: A Whale For Georgia
  • 12: Basilosaurids; The First Modern Whales
    • 12A: Basilosaurus cetoides
    • 12B: Basilotritus
    • 12D: Chrysocetus
    • 12E: The Redmond Mandible of Albany Ga
    • 12F; Houston County Basilosaurus to the Smithsonian
  • 12C: Cynthiacetus (Revised)
  • 13: Ziggy and The Museum of Arts & Sciences, Macon, GA
  • 14: Late Eocene
    • 14A: Eocene Fossils & Stratigraphy
    • 14B; Fossils, Impacts & Tektites Dating the Clinchfield Formation
    • 14C: The Tivola Limestone
    • 14D: Twiggs Clay Vertebrates
    • 14E: Ocmulgee Formation Vertebrates
    • 14F; Sandersville Limestone, By Hank Josey
    • 14I: Dating Late Eocene Sediments
    • 14J: Georgia's Tektites; Georgiaites
    • 14K; Shell Bluff; Georgia's Most Historic Paleontology Site
    • 14L; Taylors Bluff, Paleo Paddling the Ocmulgee River
    • 14M; Eocene Terrestrial Mammals From Gordon, GA
    • 14N: Fossil Ridge, A Stratigraphic Study in Oaky Woods Wildlife Management Area
    • 14O; Georgia's First Entelodont
  • 15: Early Oligocene
    • 15A: The Marianna Limestone
    • 15B; The Glendon Limestone
    • 15C: Undiffereniated Oligocene Residuum
    • 15D; Brissus bridgeboroensis; A New Echinoid Species From Georgia’s Bridgeboro Limestone
    • 15E: The Curious Steinkern Sea Biscuits of Red Dog Farm Road
  • 16: Bonaire GA Entelodont
  • 17: The Whale Eating Shark
  • 18: Miocene Epoch; 23.3 to 5.3 Million Years Ago
    • 18A; Miocene Terrestrial Vertebrates
    • 18B; Paul Fell, Rockhouse Cave
  • 19: Pliocene Epoch; 5.3 to 2.5 Million years Ago
  • 19A; Two Small Primitive Horses from Taylor County
  • 20: The Ice Ages; Pleistocene & Holocene Epochs
    • 20A; Clark Quarry's Mammoths & Bison
    • 20B: Pleistocene Vertebrate List
    • 20C: Georgia’s Eolian Dunes
    • 20D: Georgia’s Carolina Bays
    • 20E: Late Pleistocene Significant Events
    • 20F: Southeastern Thermal Enclave
    • 20G; Diamond Back Terrapins
    • 20H; A Kaolin Mine Beaver Dam
    • 20I; Pleistocene Vertebrate Fossils On Georgia’s Piedmont
  • 20J; Watkins Quarry Pleistocene Vertebrates, Glynn County, GA
  • 21: Humans in Georgia
  • 22: Geology of the Coastal Plain, 1911
    • 22A: 1911 Cretaceous Fossil Locations
    • 22B: 1911 Eocene Fossil Locations
  • 23: Coastal GA Locations (1957)
  • 24: Needed; The Georgia Geologic Survey


​20E: A Timeline
Late Pleistocene Significant Events
​


​Source: 
A Warm Thermal Enclave in the Late Pleistocene of the South-eastern United States; Dale A. Russell, Frederick J. Rich, Vincent Schneider and Jen Lynch-Stieglitz; Biological Review, 2009, Cambridge Philosophical Society

Years Ago                      Event

2,700,000                     Onset of significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation

1,350,000                      Mammoths (Mammuthus) appear in North America; about 40 glacial cycles ago

210,000 to 160,000    First appearance of the genus Bison south of 55 degrees North in    North America; about 2 glacial cycles ago. (Added by author: At about 200,000 years ago our species emerged.

130,000                           Illinoian glacial interval ends, Sangamonian interglacial interval begins. (Glacial retreat)

118,000                            Wisconsinan glacial interval begins (Glacial advance)

23,000 to 19,000        Last Glacial Maximum

19,000                              Abrupt 10 meter rise in sea levels due to glacial melting. Humans possibly present in Southeastern United States

14,500                               Bølling-Allerød warming begins abruptly, onset of rapid glacial retreat,  (sea levels quickly rose by more than 100 meters or 328 feet); oldest credible evidence of humans in Florida; establishment of semi-permanent human settlements in the Near East.

13,400                              Clovis hunters present in mid-latitude North America

12,800                              Younger Dryas cooling event abruptly begins.

12,750                               Extinction of megafauna essentially complete in mid-latitude North America.

12,000                             Beringian isthmus flooded. (This is the Bering Sea land bridge between Alaska and Asia; now flooded it prevents further pedestrian access to North America from Asia) 

​11,570                              Younger Dryas cooling abruptly ends. Wisconsinan glacial interval ends, end of “Ice Age”